PQuauz News

The use of Money

There is one main use for money

ONE.   The most common and important use for money is a medium of exchange, this is something people will take for there goods and services, in this case it is money.  Without a medium of exchange we would have to trade for every thing. A modern, industrialized country could not function without a medium of exchange

The first minted coins.

The first mas produced, minted coins may have been made in 600 B.C in Lydia, a county in what is now western Turkey.  the coins where bean-shaped lumps of electrum  a natural mixture gold and silver.  Traders excepted these coins instead of cattle, cloth, gold dust or other goods as a medium of trade.

each chessman can move in there own special way.  Remember in my last post I told you about Files,Ranks and Diagonals (for information on the above see my post Chess, Part One)  .So here is a list of the moves each of the pieces and the pawns can move.

~

Pawns, on there first move can move one or two spaces forward, and on there other moves can go forward, they capture diagonally (not a word).

Rooks, can move any amount of space, but on the Ranks.

Bishops, can move any amount of spaces, but only on the Diagonals.

Knights, move in an L shape,they capture only on the square they land on.Knights also can move over other pieces, still moving in there L shaped movement.

Queen, can move any way on the Files, Ranks and Diagonals, and can move any number of spaces.
King, can move on Files, Ranks and Diagonals,and can move one space.

Also some pieces can do special moves.  Here is a list of special moves.

En passant, one player must have a pawn on the 5th Rank,the other player moves the pawn that is one Rank over (this pawn must not have been moved yet) two spaces forward,the first player then moves his pawn diagonally to were the second player would have been if he had moved one space. The first player then captures that pawn.
"Queening", if a pawn reaches the other side of the board(in enemy's area)you can then exchange that pawn for any piece except for a king.usually you would exchange the pawn for a Queen so the name Queening.

world chess champions 
1866-1894 William Steinitz, Austria
1894-1921 Emanuel Lasker, Germany
1921-1927 Jose R. Capablanca, Cuba
1927-1935 Alexander A. Alekhine, Soviet Union

this is the end of this post Goodbye!   

Chess is a (in my opinion) extremely fun board game in which you use an assortment of  pieces to capture your opponent's pieces.  

A chess board has 64 squares and are arranged in 8 rows of 8.  The rows on the board are called ranks,the columns on the board are called files and the slanting rows are called diagonals 

Each player uses a set of 16 chessmen, one set is usually black and the other is usually white.  Here  is a list of the pieces and how many there are.

8 pawns, cone shaped pieces with a ball on top.

2 rooks, castle  looking pieces

2 bishops,pawn looking pieces with a tiny ball on top of the other ball  and a slit on the larger ball.

2 knights, pieces that look like the head and neck of a horse.

1 king,a hourglass shaped piece with an oval and a cross on top.

and,1 queen,a pawn shaped piece but instead of a ball there is a crown.

4,000 B.C people used hollowed out reeds as early "pens"

500 B.C feathers where used as pens. People cut a slit at the end of the feather so the ink would come out smoothly

1800's steel nib pens are invented

late 1800's fountain pens are made in mass production,fountain pens were the first pens to have an ink reservoir.

1888 Ball-point pens are made, but aren't given much attention.

1939 Ball-point pens are used more by World War 2 plane flyers because they did not leak like fountain pens did at high altitudes.

1960's roller ball and soft tip pens are made

the bottom of a ballpoint pen is solid plastic. the middle part is hollow and holds the ink in a ink reservoir.

the top holds the ball. that rolls when you write with it. the ink in ballpoint pens is thick so it wont dribble out around the ball.

I hope this post has been helpful to all who read it

P.S i am very sorry for not posting  for such a long time,I was vacationing in California.

is a popular, sweet-tasting food sold all over the world

Another name for candy is confection.  the main ingredients in candy is usually sugar but some are made of nuts and fruit. 

There are 4 main families of candy,chocolate candies,hard candies,chewy candies and whipped candies.

are the best selling candies, solid chocolate and chocolate bars are the most popular.  chocolate candies consist of,chocolate bars, Hershey kisses, peanut-butter cups and fudge.  chocolate is made from cocoa nibs that have been ground into paste.  then they put other ingredients in it.  the chocolate is then melted and poured into molds and dries.
Hard candies 
include, fruit drops,mints,candy canes and Jolly ranchers.hard candies are made from a mixture of sugar, corn syrup and water.this mixture is boiled and becomes a syrup which is shaped into many different shapes.
chewy candies
chewy candies are made from either milk with sugars and vegetable fats, or sugars and a jelling agent like gelatin or starch.

cotton candy is made completely made up of sugar (and coloring and preservatives) the sugar is crystalized and spun really fast.  

are reptiles that are closely related to snakes

the amazing Nile monitor can...

run...

dig...

climb trees...

and even swim. 

the astounding green basilisk can...

run so fast it can run on water. 

 By the Wonderful Wizard of Quauz